A Review on Anti-Dip Bedding Rock Slopes Subjected to Flexural Toppling

Flexural toppling is typically observed in anti-dip bedding rock slopes with a set of steeply dipping parallel joints against the slope face. This failure occurs due to bending strata, similar cantilever beams. However, exact surface usually unknown, which leads an assumption regarding location and shape that must be made theoretical analysis. serves as basis for stability analysis but may lead errors if it not appropriate. Therefore, this study, we provide detailed systematic review mechanical model, precondition, patterns primary controlling factors, morphological characteristics surfaces, methods stability. We also introduce two practical application cases better understand advantages, disadvantages, scope these methods. Additionally, discuss existing issues potential future research developments field.